This is one of the best all around sites that
I have found. It is titled "The MacTutor History
of Mathematics Archive."
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/
This is an
award-winning site that links to all sorts of mathematics
information.
http://archives.math.utk.edu/
This site makes a transition from the modular
arithmetic (of the last section) to writing secret
codes (of this section). A Caesar cipher is a secret
code in which each letter in the plain text is replaced
by a letter some fixed number of positions down
the alphabet. For example, a shift of 4,
A is replaced by D, B is replaced by E, and so
on. It is named after Julius Caesar, who used
it to communicate with his generals.
http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~scott/papers/MSTP/crypto/3Caesar_Cipher.html
http://distance-ed.math.tamu.edu/techtools/flash/crypto/crypto.html
This commercial site gives some idea about how
cryptography is applied. The name of the company RSA
is named after three mathematicians, Rivest, Shamir,
and Adleman.
http://www.rsasecurity.com/ This (slightly more advanced) site
discusses cryptography and PGP:
http://www.pgpi.org/doc/pgpintro/ International Association for Cryptologic
Research:
http://www.iacr.org It is even interesting to check
out the National Security Agency's site:
http://www.nsa.gov/ Group Projects
For Problem G18, you might look at this site:
http://sunsite.ubc.ca/LivingMathematics/V001N01/UBCExamples/Pythagoras/pythagoras.html
For Problem G20c, you can begin
your search at this site:
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/babylo
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